In January Limit Break released Version 1.0 of our creator-friendly programmable royalty solution. In our first article on the topic, Introducing: Opt-In Programmable Royalties (and more) Through Staking, we covered a lot of ground, explaining the power and flexibility transfer whitelisting affords creators to innovate and push the NFT industry…

This article serves as a mini-course on smart contract security and provides an extensive list of the issues and vulnerabilities that tend to recur in Solidity smart contracts. A security issue in Solidity boils down to smart contracts not behaving the way they were intended to. …

This is part two of a two part article, see part 1 here….. Quick recap from part 1: There are 100 million web3 wallets but only 2.5% are active monthly. This re-engagement rate does not bode well for the future of web3 so I proposed that as an industry, dApps should disclose DAU’s/MAU’s rates in…

Have you ever heard about account abstraction? Account Abstraction is that stuff that seems to be the gateway to web3 gaining mainstream adoption. But what is it exactly? In this article, we will understand what account abstraction means and the efforts towards achieving it on Ethereum. What is Account Abstraction? Account abstraction involves two…

Gas-saving is becoming less of a priority due to the rise of Rollup chains, like Zk-Rollup and Optimistic Rollups . However, I believe that gas optimization is still a valuable skill for developers, especially as AI models like ChatGPT become increasingly intelligent. I teach four levels of optimization. As the…

Introduction Changpeng Zhao, CEO of Binance, mentioned in one of his tweets that sending $200 via cryptocurrency would be significantly cheaper than transferring the same amount using standard payment methods. Unfortunately, cryptocurrency applications have lacked easy-to-use User Interface (UI) design along with a number of capabilities that online banking offers. …

Account Abstraction represents a significant advancement in the Ethereum ecosystem, enhancing its security and value. It introduces a new paradigm that enables blockchain accounts to become programmable, which has far-reaching implications for decentralized application (dApp) development. …

The article explains inside of block in Ethereum which constitute a fundamental system in Ethereum platform Introduction This article explains the Ethereum block structure and its related terminologies. As the block is the heart of the Ethereum platform, It is necessary to understand what block is. …

Edit: updated for 2019! Ethereum’s October 15th 2017 hardfork introduced some cryptography precompiles, so now you can do more fancy privacy friendly things. However, it’s a bit tricky using precompiles if you don’t know how to call them, and get all of that low-gas-consuming goodness for yourself. So I’ll explain. inline assembly? The evm? Precompiles? Solidity??? …

Explaining Ethereum state trie to deepen knowledge of Ethereum blockchain. Introduction This article explains the Ethereum state trie. Ethereum is often called “world state machine” and uses original data storage to record states(accounts) and transactions. As state trie is a core database in Ethereum, it is important to understand it to…

According to the most recent developer report by Alchemy, the Web3 environment just reached more than 12.000 dApps running across all chains, and, along with that, the number of Smart Contracts verified has grown at least 160% YoY. …

If you’ve been around the Ethereum research community lately, you might’ve heard of something called a sparse Merkle tree. They might sound scary, but they’re really quite simple. This post will explain exactly what a sparse Merkle tree is, why they’re cool, and what they’re currently being used for. Merkle Trees First…

A few days ago Multichain’s users were hacked by several attackers groups, all abusing the same vulnerability in Multichain (previously AnySwap) smart contract. The attackers were able to steal tokens valued at millions of US Dollars. Crypto Protocol Publicly Announces Flaw, Users Relentlessly Owned by Hackers The hack against users of Multichain is getting worse as a cybersecurity researcher calls the incident "the worst way…www.vice.com

Foreword Five years ago, I wrote a blog post called Miners Aren’t Your Friends, introducing MEV to Ethereum dialogue. Back then, we didn’t call it MEV. Phil Daian & his co-publishers named “Miner Extractable Value” a year and a bit later in their seminal paper: Flash Boys 2.0. Back then we…

Free stuff is always a good thing! Even if the web2 products are selling our data without our consent, we are comfortable in using them, because they won’t charge us. Almost every interaction with the dApp involves a transaction which seems pretty complicated and intimidating for beginners because it prompts…

TL;DR — Validity rollups are not limited in throughput in the same manner as L1s. This gives rise to potentially much higher TPS on L2 validity rollups. StarkNet performance roadmap addresses a key element in the system: the sequencer. We present here the roadmap for performance improvements: — Sequencer parallelization —…

The below diagram visually describes the workflow of an Arbitrum transaction in extensive detail. Below the diagram is a link to a doc which explains everything from two different angles: one from a chronological perspective (Life of a Transaction) and the other from an object oriented perspective (Architecture). If there…

Bitcoin and ethereum both use elliptic-curve cryptography for generating keys and signing transactions. The algorithm they both use is called Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA), which represents a secure way of signing a message (a transaction for example) using Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). When work started on eth 2.0…

Why launch a token? — Tokens¹, the ability to add a commercial, interchangeable, asset to a community, protocol, company or DAO is one of the biggest innovations in web3. Tokens have many use cases and reasons for why to launch and add a token to a web3 project. The core premise being that they enable…